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VIII - SCIENCE - REACHING THE AGE OF ADOLESCENCE - EVALUATION - QUESTION ANSWERS
REACHING THE AGE OF ADOLESCENCE
TEXTBOOK EXERCISES
I. Choose the best answer.
1. Adolescence is the period of life between _____________ years of age.
a) 10 to 16
b) 11 to 17
c) 11 to 19
d) 11 to 20
Ans: c) 11 to 19
2. The period at which an organism attains sexual maturity is called _____________
a) puberty
b) adolescence
c) growth
d) maturity
Ans: a) puberty
3. During puberty, the region below the waist become wider in _____________
a) boys
b) girls
c) Both a and b
d) None of these
Ans: b) girls
4. Adam’s apple is the growth of the ________
a) pharynx
b) thyroid
c) larynx
d) parathyroid
Ans: c) larynx
5. Many adolescent boys and girls get pimples on face, due to the secretions of _________
gland.
a) sweat
b) sebaceous
c) sweat and sebaceous
d) None of these
Ans: c) sweat and sebaceous
6. The sperm is produced by ____________
a) penis
b) ovary
c) uterus
d) testes
Ans: d) testes
7. ___________ are the chemical substances, secreted by endocrine glands.
a) Hormones
b) Enzymes
c) Proteins
d) Fatty acids
Ans: a) Hormones
8. Androgen production is regulated by ___________
a) GH hormone
b) LH hormone
c) TSH hormone
d) ACTH hormone
Ans: b) LH hormone
9. During menstruation, the progesterone level is ___________
a) decreased
b) increased
c) ceased
d) normal
Ans: c) ceased
10. ___________ intake needs to be increased to prevent osteoporosis in later life.
a) Potassium
b) Phosphorus
c) Iron
d) Calcium
Ans: d) Calcium
II. Fill in the blanks.
1. ____________ is secreted by the ovaries of females.
Ans: Estrogen
2. The hormones secreted by the gonads are controlled by __________.
Ans: anterior pituitary
3. Milk secretion during lactation is controlled by ____________ hormone.
Ans: Prolactin
4. The male and the female gamete fuse together and form ____________.
Ans: zygote
5. The first menstrual flow begins at puberty and it is termed as ______________.
Ans: menarche
6. _____________ usually occurs 14 days after ovulation.
Ans: Mensuration
7. _____________ includes protein, carbohydrates, fats and vitamins in requisite proportion.
Ans: Balanced diet
8. ____________ helps to prevent thyroid gland related diseases.
Ans: Iodine
9. Iron deficiency leads to ____________.
Ans: anemia
10. In women fertilization takes place at ___________.
Ans: fallopian tube
III. State true or false. If false, correct the statement.
1. There is a sudden increase in the height of both boys and girls during puberty.
Ans: True
2. The release of ovum from the uterus is called ovulation.
Ans: False
The release of ovum from one of the ovaries is called ovulation.
3. During pregnancy, the corpus luteum continues to grow and produces large
amount of estrogen and progesterone.
Ans: True
4. Making use of disposable napkins or tampons may increase the chances of
infections.
Ans: False
Making use of disposable napkins or tampons may reduce the chances of infections.
5. Using clean toilets for defecation is a good practice.
Ans: True
IV. Match the following.
Ans:
V. Answer briefly.
1. What is adolescence?
The period of transition from childhood to adulthood is called adolescence. Adolescence period starts at the age of 13 and ends at the age of 19.
2. List out the changes which occur during puberty.
Four important changes that occur during puberty transform the body of a child into that of an adult. These changes are:
• Changes in body size
• Changes in body proportion
• Development of primary sex characteristics
• Development of secondary sex characteristics
3. What do you mean by secondary sex characteristics?
Secondary sex characteristics are the physical features which distinguish male from female. The secondary sex characters are regulated by the hormones the testosterone or androgen secreted by the testes of the males and estrogen secreted by the ovaries of the females.
4. What is fertilization?
Fertilization in humans refers to the fusion of male and female gametes that facilitates the development of a new organism.The fusion of male gamete (sperm) and female gamete (ovum) is known as fertilization. Zygote forms as a result of fertilization.
5. Explain Menarche.
The first menstrual flow begins at puberty and is termed menarche. The ova begin to mature with the onset of puberty. It is the beginning of adolescence, during which mental and emotional maturation occurs and physical growth becomes pronounced.
6. Explain the process of pregnancy.
After ovulation the ovum reaches the fallopian tube and fertilization takes place. The fertilized egg undergoes development and it is implanted in the uterus. The corpus luteum continues to grow and produces large amounts of progesterone. This results in pregnancy.
7. Explain the importance of cleanliness during the time of menstrual cycle in girls.
•Girls should take special care of cleanliness during the time of menstrual cycle. Making use of disposable napkins or tampons may reduce chances of infections.
•Girls are advised to use sanitary napkins or tampons rather than cloth.
•It should be changed frequently depending upon the menstrual flow. If a cloth is being used repeatedly, it should be cleaned with soap and hot water and dried in sunlight for reuse
8. How is adolescence differ from childhood?
During childhood, legs grow proportionately more than the trunk. But at the time of puberty trunk also lengthens. Also, trunk broadens at the hip and shoulder thus giving the adult proportion to the body.
VI. Answer in detail.
1. What are the physical changes that occur in boys and girls during adolescence?
2. Explain the role of hormones in reproduction.
The primary hormones that regulate reproduction are the steroids such as
androgens,
estrogens and
progesterone
which have
masculinizing,
feminizing and
gestational effects respectively.
These hormones are secreted from the gonads which are regulated by the anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis).
Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
FSH in the female influences the development of the Graafian follicle and secretion of estrogens. In the male it is necessary for the development of seminiferous tubules, and for spermatogenesis.
Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
In the female, it is the hormone necessary for ovulation, and the secretion of the luteal hormone progesterone, and for the final maturation of the Graafian follicle. In the male it stimulates the interstitial (Leydig) cells of testes and the secretion of testosterone, and is referred to as the Interstitial Cell Stimulating Hormone (ICSH)
Prolactin (PRL) or Lactogenic Hormone
The main function of this hormone is milk secretion during lactation.
Oxytocin
Hormone Oxytocin causes expulsion of milk from the breast and it is also involved in the contraction of smooth muscles of the uterus during childbirth.
3. Briefly describe the menstrual cycle.
The beginning of the menstrual cycle marks the onset of puberty in human females.
The menstrual cycle begins with the casting off of the endometrial lining of the uterus and bleeding. The casting of endometrium can be considered as periodic preparation for pregnancy. Menstruation occurs if an ovum released by the ovary of a woman is not fertilized during ovulation.
1. When a girl reaches puberty at the age of about 10, the sex hormones released into her blood cause some of the ova (or egg cells) in her ovaries to become mature (or ripe).
2. Usually one mature ovum (or egg) is released from one of the ovaries into the oviduct once in every 28 days. This is called ovulation.
3. Before ovulation (or release of ovum), the inner wall of the uterus becomes thick and spongy, and full of tiny blood vessels (or blood capillaries). It prepares itself to receive the fertilized ovum.
4. If the ovum does not get fertilized then the thick and soft inner lining of the uterus is no longer needed and hence it breaks. So, the thick and soft inner lining of the uterus along with the blood vessels and the dead ovum comes out of the vagina in the form of a bleeding called menstruation.
5. Menstruation usually occurs 14 days after ovulation and usually lasts for about 3 to 5
days.
6. After menstruation is over, the inner lining of the uterus starts building up again so
that it may become ready to receive the next ovum.
7. If the ovum does not get fertilized even now, then menstruation takes place again. This cycle of menstruation is repeated again and again in women after every 28 days. The menstrual cycle is controlled by hormones.
• Menstruation stops temporarily when the ovum gets fertilized and the woman gets pregnant.
• Menstruation restarts after the birth of the baby.
4. Explain the nutritional needs of adolescence in brief.
Adolescence is a stage of rapid growth and development. Hence a diet with proper calories and other nutrients is needed for proper growth and physical activity.
• Balanced diet is very much important during adolescence.
• Balanced diet includes proteins, carbohydrates, fats and vitamins in requisite proportions.
• The nutritional deficiencies during this period not only retard the physical growth, but also impair the intellectual development and may also delay sexual maturation.
• A very good amount of proteins and carbohydrates is necessary during this growth period.
Apart from that, adolescents need the following dietary components.
Minerals
Since there is an increase in skeletal mass and blood volume during adolescence, the body needs calcium, phosphorus and iron.
Calcium
Calcium intake needs to be increased to prevent osteoporosis in later life. It is present in milk and milk products or other equivalents.
Iodine
It helps to prevent thyroid gland related diseases.
Iron
Iron builds blood, and iron-rich foods such as green leafy vegetables, jaggery, meat, dates,
fish, chicken, citrus, Indian gooseberry (Nelli) and whole pulses are good for adolescents.
Lack of iron in the diet results in anemia. In boys, iron deficiency occurs due to muscle spurt whereas in girls it occurs due to menstruation in addition to the muscular growth.
VII. Higher Order Thinking Questions.
1. What can you suggest to your classmates to keep himself / herself clean and healthy?
•Brush your teeth twice a day, morning and evening.
•Take a clean bath twice a day or at least once a day.
•Do not urinate or defecate in the open. Use only hygienic places.
•The nails on the hands and toes should be kept clean.
•Wear clean clothes only.
•Underwear must be washed and dried in the sun and then worn.
•Exercising daily is essential
•Need a balanced diet.
•Use a handkerchief when coughing or sneezing especially, in public.
•Consult a doctor when you are not feeling well, avoid self-medication.
2. Adolescence is the energistic stage. What health and good habits you want to develop?
•I will make it a habit to get up early in the morning and engage myself in activities like exercise, yogasana and meditation.
•I will eat only clean and hygienic food. I avoid eating food for taste.
•I will follow strict timings for studies,eating food and to go to bed.
•I will keep myself disciplined and will stay away from those who are addicted to smoking and alcohol.
•I will protect myself from spending too much time on TV, internet, mobile etc. and becoming addicted to them.
•I will try to be happy always.
