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VIII SCIENCE- CROP PRODUCTION AND MANAGEMENT- ANSWERS FOR TEXTBOOK QUESTIONS
CROP PRODUCTION AND MANAGEMENT
TEXTBOOK EXERCISES
I. Choose the best answer
1. The process of placing seeds in the soil is called as
a. ploughing
b. sowing
c. crop production
d. crop rotation
Ans: b. Sowing
2. Organism that control insects and pests of plant crops is
a. bio-pesticides
b. bio-fertilizers
c. earthworms
d. neem leaves
Ans: a. bio-pesticides
3. The method in which water flows over the soil surface and allow it to infiltrate is
a. irrigation
b. surface irrigation
c. sprinkler irrigation
d. drip irrigation
Ans: b. surface irrigation
4. Effective microorganism preparation is not used in
a. seed treatment
b. foliar spray
c. soil treatment
d. Bio-predators
Ans: a. seed treatment
5. Which of the following is not present in Panchagavya?
a. Cow dung
b. Cow’s urine
c. Curd
d. Sugar
Ans: d. Sugar
II. Fill in the blanks
1. The process of actively growing seedling from one place and planting in the main field for further growth is called ____________.
Ans: transplantation.
2. ______________is a plant growing in a place where it is not wanted.
Ans: Weed
3. The chemicals used for killing the weeds or inhibiting their growth are called as ________________.
Ans: herbicides
4. _________________seeds transfer their unique characteristics to the descents.
Ans: Heirloom
5. ___________________centers serve as the ultimate link between ICAR and farmers.
Ans: Krishi Vigyan Kendra
6. Several popular high yielding varieties of major crops have been developed by ____________________.
Ans: Indian Agricultural Research Institute.
III. Match the following.
Ans:
IV. Answer briefly.
1. Define ploughing.
Ploughing or tilling is the process of loosening and turning the soil up and down to facilitate the availability of nutrients in the root zone of the cultivating crop.
2. Name the methods of sowing.
Sowing is the actual process of planting the seeds in the soil. Various methods are followed for sowing the seeds
Sowing by hand
Seed drill
Dibbling
3. What is foliar spray?
Foliar feeding is a technique of feeding plants by applying liquid fertilizer directly to their leaves.
4. Give a brief account on Krishi Vigyan Kendra.
Krishi Vigyan Kendra is a farm science centre. These centres serve as the ultimate link between ICAR (Indian council of Agricultural research) and farmers. Their aim is to apply agricultural research findings in practical localized settings.
5. What is bio-indicator? How does it help human beings?
A bio-indicator or biological indicator is any species or group of species whose function or status reveals the qualitative status of the environment.
Bio-indicators of soil health give us information about soil structure, development, nutrient storage and biological activities.
6. What do you mean by weeding?
Many undesirable plants grow naturally along with the main crop, these undesirable plants are called weeds. The removal of weeds is called weeding. Weeding is an important process because weeds compete with the crop plants for the nutrients, sunlight, water, space and other resources.
7. What is crop rotation?
Planting a series of different crops in the same field following a defined order is called crop rotation.
8. What is green manure?
Green undecomposed material used as manure is called green manure. It is obtained in two methods;
- by growing green manure crops or
- by collecting green leaves (along with twigs) from plants grown in wastelands, field bunds and forest.
V. Answer in detail.
1. Explain the agricultural practices.
Agriculture has always been the backbone of our country’s economy. Ever since the Green Revolution, we have been cultivating different types of crops to cater the increasing demand.
In our country the following three categories of crops are grown.
Kharif Crops
The crops which are sown in the rainy season (i.e., from June to September) are called kharif crops. Paddy, maize, soya bean, groundnut and cotton are kharif crops.
Rabi Crops
The crops grown in winter season (i.e., from October to March) are called rabi crops. Examples of rabi crops are wheat, gram, pea, mustard, linseed.
Zaid Crops (Summer Crops)
The crops which are grown in summer season are called zaid crops. Muskmelon, watermelon and cucumber are examples for zaid crops.
According to utility, crops are classified as below.
Food crops
Paddy and maize are cultivated for human consumption.
Fodder crops
These are useful for livestock consumption. E.g. Sorghum, millets
Fibre crops
These crops are used for cordage and textile. E.g. Cotton and hemp
Oil crops
Oil crops are useful on a large scale for consumption or industrial uses. E.g. Groundnut and sesame.
Ornamental crops
These are utilized for landscape gardening. E.g- Croton and Bougainvillea.
2. Give a detailed account on irrigation.
The supply of water to crops at regular intervals is called irrigation.
The time and frequency of irrigation varies from crop to crop, soil to soil and season to season. Fertilizers can also be applied through irrigation.
The various sources of irrigation are wells, tube wells, ponds, lakes, rivers, dams and canal.
Effective irrigation is the controlled and uniform supply of water to crops, in the required amount at the right time with the minimum expenditure.
Irrigation can be carried out by two different methods.
a. Traditional Methods
b. Modern Methods
a. Traditional Methods
In these methods, irrigation is done manually.
Farmer pulls out water from wells or canals by himself or uses cattle and carries to farming fields.
The main advantage of this method is that it is cheaper.
But its efficiency is poor because of the uneven distribution of water.
It also leads to heavy water loss.
b. Modern Methods
The modern irrigation methods help to overcome the problems existing in the traditional methods. It also facilitates the even distribution of moisture in the field.
The modern methods involve two systems.
They are:
• Sprinkler system
• Drip system
Sprinkler System
A sprinkler system sprinkles water over the crop and helps in an even distribution of water. This method is much advisable in areas facing water scarcity. Here a pump which generates pressure is connected to pipes, and water is sprinkled through the fine nozzles of pipes.
Drip System
In the drip system, water is released drop by drop exactly at the root zone using a hose or pipe. This method is considered as the effective one in regions where the availability of water is less.
3. What is weed? Explain the different methods of weed control.
In an agriculture field, many other undesirable plants may grow naturally along with the main crop. These undesirable plants are called weeds.
The removal of weeds is called weeding.
⬗ Weeding is an important process because weeds compete with the crop plants for the nutrients, sunlight, water, space and other resources.
⬗It results in the under nourishment of crops and leads to low yield.
⬗ It is mandatory to remove seeds from the field to achieve the expected yield. ⬗ Farmers adopt many ways to remove weeds and control their growth.
Some of the methods are;
Mechanical methods
⬗ This is the most common method in which weeds are destroyed physically. ⬗ Hand pulling or weeding with the help of weeding hoe is the oldest and most efficient method for controlling weeds.
Tillage methods
⬗ It is one of the practical methods of destroying weeds of all categories.
⬗ Weeds are buried in the soil and also exposed to sun heat by deep ploughing.
Crop rotation
⬗ In this method, proper rotation of crops is followed for controlling crop associated and parasitic weeds.
Summer tillage
⬗ Deep ploughing after harvest of rabi crop and exposing underground parts of weeds to strong sunlight during summer months is useful for destroying many annual and perennial weeds.
Biological weed control
⬗ In this method, bio agents like insects and pathogens are used to control weeds.
⬗ The objectives of biological control are not eradication, but reduction and regulation of the weed population.
Chemical methods
⬗ Chemical methods are very effective in certain cases and have great scope in weed control.
⬗ The chemicals used for killing the weeds or inhibiting their growth are called herbicides.
⬗ These chemicals are mixed with water and sprayed over the crops.
